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Resolved Question: Business 101 Questions, answer any that you think you might know?

6. _____ occurs when inflation rate begins to decline. 7. The government uses the _____ to index Social Security payments. 8. The broadest measure of an economy's health is the _____. 9. When a corporate executive sells a stock based on information that outside investors lack, the executive is engaged in an illegal practice known as _____ . 10. A written _____ defines the values and principles that should be used to guide decisions. 11. A(n) _____ is a situation in which one must choose between two conflicting but arguably valid sides, while a(n) _____ is a situation in which one makes a decision that is clearly wrong. 12. A(n) _____ is a systematic evaluation and reporting of the company's social performance. 13. _____ is a movement that put pressure on businesses to consider consumer needs and interests. 14. President John F. Kennedy laid the foundation for a wave of consumer-oriented legislation when he announced a "_____" for consumers 15. The _____ established the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC) 16. _____ is the regulatory agency that sets mandatory standards for worker safety and health. 17. People with a wide range of physical and mental difficulties got a boost from the passage of the federal _____ of 1970 18. _____ is a ntion's ability to produce a particular product with a fewer resources per unit of output than any other nation, while _____ theory states that a country should produce and sell to other countries those items it produces most efficiently. 19. _____ are taxes, surcharges, or duties levied against imported goods. 20. _____ limit the amount of a particular good that countries can import during a given year.Thanks for the questions you answered, Madoff! All your answers were right except #7 was Consumer Price Index I'm going to post more questions, take a peek at them!! more

Resolved Question: Q1. Which of the following statement reflects the 'Age Discrimination Act' for?

Q1. Which of the following statement reflects the 'Age Discrimination Act' for workers? A. At the age of 40 to 70, workers can not be retired by force B. At the age below 18, workers can never be hired C. Having 10 years of experience, workers should be promoted D. Workers can never be rehired if retired once Q2. Reactive approach to overcome the influence of discriminatory practices occurred in the past is referred as: A. Equal employment opportunity B. Affirmative action C. HR planning E. Litigation process Q3. Organizations put maximum effort in measuring performance of organizational people because: A. It makes procedures cost effective B. It helps in detecting the problems C. It leads to product innovation D. It assists in implementing new technology Q4. In order to promote unbiased management, organizations should develop: A. Powerful union B. Strategic alliance C. Legal compliance D. Stakeholder influence Q5. Following are all included in 'Statistical Approach' of forecasting, EXCEPT: A. Trend analysis B. Sensitivity analysis C. Ratio analysis D. Regression analysis Q6. Alternative work arrangements include all of the following, EXCEPT: A. Part-time work B. Flexible hours C. On-site child care D. Job sharing Q7. How often HR planning process is implemented within an organization? A. Continuously B. Annually C. Bi-annually D. Quarterly Q8. Which of the following reflects the relationship between MIS & HRIS? A. Both are same B. MIS is one aspect of HRIS C. HRIS is one aspect of MIS D. No relationship exists Q9. ‘Strengths’ & ‘Weaknesses’ are ____________________ to an organization. A. Important B. Internal C. External D. Central Q10. Which of the following statement best reflects the Job analysis? A. Conceptual process B. Written statement C. Recruitment method D. Legal clause Q11. Standards are established to: A. Achieve desired outcomes B. Meet legal compliance C. Achieve competitive advantage D. Promote goodwill in market Q12. Which of the following constraint does NOT affect the recruiting efforts? A. Compensation of the job B. Image of the organization C. Internal organizational policies D. None of the given options Q13. Job evaluation is based on the: A. Physical skills required by the job B. Relative job worth for an organization C. Complexity of the job to perform D. Conceptual skill required by the job Q14. Who is in the best position to observe and evaluate an employee’s performance for the purposes of a performance appraisal? A. Peers B. Customers C. Top management D. Immediate supervisor Q15. Which of the following is a stated outcome of 'Job Analysis'? A. Job description B. Job specification C. Job evaluation D. All of the given options Q16. Which of the following term is used as an indicator of missing information by the applicant while making selection decision? A. Red flag B. Red alert C. High alert D. Alarming situation Q17. Which of the following best defines recruitment in an organization? A. Forecast the supply of outside candidates B. Develop an appropriate applicant pool C. Determine the importance of job applicants D. All of the given options Q18. Which of the following term is used for choosing the individual who is best suited to a particular position and to the organization from a group of potential applicants? A. Recruitment B. Staffing C. Enrollment D. Selection Q19. Followings are included in contingent workers, EXCEPT: A. Part-timers B. Contractors C. Directors D. Temporaries Q20. Which of the following term contains information regarding machines & equipments used at workplace? A. Job analysis B. Job specification C. Job description D. Job evaluation more

Resolved Question: define: political science?

Tell me how at least one of these federal regulatory agencies directly affect your daily life. Doesnt have to be one listed. Consumer Product Safety Commission (CPSC): enforces federal safety standards Environmental Protection Agency (EPA): establishes and enforces pollution standards Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC): administers and enforces Title VIII or the Civil Rights Act of 1964 (fair employment) Federal Aviation Administration (FAA): regulates and promotes air transportation safety, including airports and pilot licensing Federal Communications Commission (FCC): regulates interstate and foreign communication by radio, telephone, telegraph, and television Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC): insures bank deposits, approves mergers, and audits banking practices Federal Reserve System (the FED): regulates banking; manages the money supply Federal Trade Commission (FTC): ensures free and fair competition and protects consumers from unfair or deceptive practices Food and Drug Administration (FDA): administers federal food purity laws, drug testing and safety, and cosmetics Interstate Commerce Commission (ICC): enforces federal laws concerning transportation that crosses state lines National Labor Relations Board (NLRB): prevents or corrects unfair labor practices by either employers or unions Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC): licenses and regulates non-military nuclear facilities Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA): develops and enforces federal standards and regulations ensuring working conditions Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC): administers federal laws concerning the buying and selling of securities more

Resolved Question: Can someone please help me with my essay on conservatism vs liberalism?

So after I wrote my intro and a little history on the the two ideologies, I need to write a paragraph about how liberalism and conservatism connect to the Republican and Democratic parties. I also have to write about the definitions of the two ideologies, and their beliefs on issues such as abortion etc....now for my question, can anyone please help me how I should arrange this? I wrote it out, but the paragraphs would be too long if I put it together and its confusing for me to organize it. My second question, how exactly does liberalism and conservatism connect to the Republican and Democratic parties? help please!!! I would really appreciate it...here are my paragraphs in the essay so far: Liberalism emphasizes individual rights and equality of opportunity, relative to any constraints imposed by the states. Different forms of liberalism may propose very different policies, but they are generally united by their support for a liberal democracy, where all citizens have equal rights by law. There are two major streams of thought which compete over the use of the term liberal, which are classical liberalism and social liberalism. Classical liberals place the highest value on individual freedom and believe the role of government should be limited. They see state intervention in the economy as a restriction on the economic freedom of individuals. Social liberals want the government to play an active role in promoting the freedom of citizens. They favor the right to healthcare, an education and a minimum wage. Some also favor laws against pollution, provision of welfare, and discrimination in housing and employment. The Democratic Party is home to an ideologically diverse base, with liberals forming the largest and most influential demographic within the party. Conservatism is a belief in the virtue of preserving traditional values, where tradition refers to various religious, cultural, or nationally defined beliefs and customs. The Republican Party supports a conservative ideology with further establishment in social conservatism and supply-side fiscal policies, which argues that economic growth, can be most effectively created by adjusting the income tax and capital gains tax rates. Democrats and Republicans have opposing opinions on many different issues such as abortion, taxes, affirmative action, and the environment. When dealing with the issue of abortion, Democrats believe it is the advocate’s choice. Republicans support a human life amendment to the constitution that would outlaw abortion, without exceptions. (THEN WRITE ABOUT MORE ISSUES) someone please help!! THANKS! more

Resolved Question: please help me?

please help me finish this single working mother trying to finish school.. best answer ten points thank you sooo much 1: Scarcity is defined as: not having sufficient resources to produce enough to fulfill unlimited subjective wants. not having sufficient resources to fulfill limited subjective wants. having sufficient resources to fulfill unlimited subjective wants. having sufficient resources to fulfill limited subjective wants. 2: A ______ is a market where price is determined by the unregulated interchange of supply and demand. This is in contrast to a _______ where supply, demand, and price are set directly by government. open market, controlled market free market, controlled market open market, closed market free market, closed market 3: ______ is the direct exchange of goods or services without the use of money. consumerism barter economy retail 4: Which of the following is not one of money's main uses? medium of exchange unit of account measure of worth store of wealth 5: The main economic goals of nearly all nations are to promote: economic stability and high employment with a minimum increase in prices. economic growth and high employment with a minimum increase in prices. economic stability and low employment with a maximum increase in prices. economic growth and high employment with a maximum increase in prices. 6: A recession is usually defined in macroeconomics as: a fall of a country's real Gross Domestic Product (GDP) in two or more successive quarters of a year. a fall of a country's real GDP in two or more successive years. a general drop in the real GDP. a severe depression. 7: When the price of oranges rises, it is very likely because the number of oranges demanded at the existing price _____ the number of oranges actually available. is greater than is less than is equal to not enough information 8: The hope for profits and the threat of losses is what forces a business owner in a capitalist economy to produce at the lowest cost and sell what the customers are most willing to pay for. This is an example of: Supply and demand Economic growth The downfall of capitalism Profits as incentives 9: Whether we look at laws, prophetic teachings, psalms; or the gospel of Jesus, we find the constantly reiterated conviction that all oppression, including economic oppression, is _____ the Divine will. contrary to accepted as caused by not enough information 10: Which of the following is not a type of economy? capitalist socialist consumerist feudal 11: Which of the following is not one of three economic commands given by God? The price of land must be fixed. Water must be communal. There must be restrictions put on interest. Profit on food must be forbidden. 12: When large supplies of an item are made, the item's cost will go _____. When very few supplies of the item are made, the price will go _____. When the demand of an item is _____, the price rises. When the demand of an item is _____, the price will go down. down, up, high, low up, down, high, low down, up, low, high up, down, low, high 13: Which of the following is a tragic effect of unemployment? Wife and child abuse increase. Divorce rates go up. Street crime flourishes. All of the above. 14: Economics is the study of: the use of alternative resources which have multiple uses. the use of available resources which have multiple uses. the use of scarce resources which have alternative uses. the use of scare resources which have very few uses. 15: __________ comes from the concept of specialization. Private business Communism Division of labor Supply and demand 16: If a shipwrecked sailor on a desert island is capable of either catching 10 fish or harvesting 5 coconuts in one day, then the opportunity cost of producing one coconut is ____ fish. one two three five 17: The two main Ingredients of the U.S. Economy are: natural resources and land land and labor natural resources and labor land and money 18: The American free enterprise system emphasizes: public ownership. private ownership. both public and private ownership. not enough information. 19: Usually the short term goal of open market operations is to: create more jobs. achieve a specific long term interest rate target. achieve a specific short term interest rate target. increase stock market values. 20: During the 1870-1920 period the industrialized nations set up _______, with one of the last being the Federal Reserve in 1913. credit unions gold reserves central banking systems private banking systems 21: When used as part of a commodity money system, which of the following is not a function of paper currency? to reduce the danger of transporting gold to reduce the possibility of debasement of coins to avoid the reduction in circulating medium to hoarding and losses to avoid the decrease in value of precious stones 22: The gold standard, in theory, limits the power of governments to cause _______ by excessive issue of paper currency. price inflation unemployment wealth and poverty stagflation 23: In practice all types of monetary policy involve modifying the amount of base currency in circulation. This process of changing the liquidity of base currency is called _______. seignority interest rate adjustment open market operations none of the above more

Resolved Question: please help..?

please help me finish this.. best answer ten points thank you sooo soo much 1: Scarcity is defined as: not having sufficient resources to produce enough to fulfill unlimited subjective wants. not having sufficient resources to fulfill limited subjective wants. having sufficient resources to fulfill unlimited subjective wants. having sufficient resources to fulfill limited subjective wants. 2: A ______ is a market where price is determined by the unregulated interchange of supply and demand. This is in contrast to a _______ where supply, demand, and price are set directly by government. open market, controlled market free market, controlled market open market, closed market free market, closed market 3: ______ is the direct exchange of goods or services without the use of money. consumerism barter economy retail 4: Which of the following is not one of money's main uses? medium of exchange unit of account measure of worth store of wealth 5: The main economic goals of nearly all nations are to promote: economic stability and high employment with a minimum increase in prices. economic growth and high employment with a minimum increase in prices. economic stability and low employment with a maximum increase in prices. economic growth and high employment with a maximum increase in prices. 6: A recession is usually defined in macroeconomics as: a fall of a country's real Gross Domestic Product (GDP) in two or more successive quarters of a year. a fall of a country's real GDP in two or more successive years. a general drop in the real GDP. a severe depression. 7: When the price of oranges rises, it is very likely because the number of oranges demanded at the existing price _____ the number of oranges actually available. is greater than is less than is equal to not enough information 8: The hope for profits and the threat of losses is what forces a business owner in a capitalist economy to produce at the lowest cost and sell what the customers are most willing to pay for. This is an example of: Supply and demand Economic growth The downfall of capitalism Profits as incentives 9: Whether we look at laws, prophetic teachings, psalms; or the gospel of Jesus, we find the constantly reiterated conviction that all oppression, including economic oppression, is _____ the Divine will. contrary to accepted as caused by not enough information 10: Which of the following is not a type of economy? capitalist socialist consumerist feudal 11: Which of the following is not one of three economic commands given by God? The price of land must be fixed. Water must be communal. There must be restrictions put on interest. Profit on food must be forbidden. 12: When large supplies of an item are made, the item's cost will go _____. When very few supplies of the item are made, the price will go _____. When the demand of an item is _____, the price rises. When the demand of an item is _____, the price will go down. down, up, high, low up, down, high, low down, up, low, high up, down, low, high 13: Which of the following is a tragic effect of unemployment? Wife and child abuse increase. Divorce rates go up. Street crime flourishes. All of the above. 14: Economics is the study of: the use of alternative resources which have multiple uses. the use of available resources which have multiple uses. the use of scarce resources which have alternative uses. the use of scare resources which have very few uses. 15: __________ comes from the concept of specialization. Private business Communism Division of labor Supply and demand 16: If a shipwrecked sailor on a desert island is capable of either catching 10 fish or harvesting 5 coconuts in one day, then the opportunity cost of producing one coconut is ____ fish. one two three five 17: The two main Ingredients of the U.S. Economy are: natural resources and land land and labor natural resources and labor land and money 18: The American free enterprise system emphasizes: public ownership. private ownership. both public and private ownership. not enough information. 19: Usually the short term goal of open market operations is to: create more jobs. achieve a specific long term interest rate target. achieve a specific short term interest rate target. increase stock market values. 20: During the 1870-1920 period the industrialized nations set up _______, with one of the last being the Federal Reserve in 1913. credit unions gold reserves central banking systems private banking systems more

Resolved Question: Can someone help me with Economics?

: Economics is the study of: the use of alternative resources which have multiple uses. the use of available resources which have multiple uses. the use of scarce resources which have alternative uses. the use of scare resources which have very few uses. 2: Which of the following is not an alternative use of water? producing ice producing steam powering a hydroelectric plant producing a hurricane 3: Scarcity is defined as: not having sufficient resources to fulfill unlimited subjective wants. not having sufficient resources to fulfill limited subjective wants. having sufficient resources to fulfill unlimited subjective wants. having sufficient resources to fulfill limited subjective wants. 4: Seldom, if ever, is there a fixed quantity demanded. Likewise, there is no fixed _____. cost supply demand equilibrium 5: _______ is the direct exchange of goods or services without the use of money. barter consumerism economy retail 6: ______ were once the most common forms of money. half-dollars rice and grain gold and silver U.S. dollars 7: Which of the following is not one of money's main uses? medium of exchange unit of account measure of worth store of wealth 8: Which of the following is not directly affected by the quantity of money in a country? the level of prices the quality of service the rate of economic growth the amount of employment 9: The main economic goals of nearly all nations are to promote: economic stability and high employment with a minimum increase in prices. economic growth and high employment with a minimum increase in prices. economic stability and low employment with a maximum increase in prices. economic growth and high employment with a maximum increase in prices. 10: Examples of price controls include all of the following except: rent control income taxes food price ceilings price controls on medical services 11: True or False: Money does not have to be involved to make a decision be economic. True False . . 12: True or False: Money is anything that is generally accepted by people in exchange for the things they sell or the work they do. True False . . 13: True or False: People's demand for housing space changes over a lifetime. True False . . 14: True or False: During the Great Depression of the 1930s, many farmers simply could not make enough money from the sale of their crops to pay their bills. True False . . 15: True or False: Complex effects are the result of complex causes, but not of simple causes. True False . . 16: True or False: The cost of producing an automobile is fundamentally the same whether you are producing 100 cars a year or 100,000 cars a year. True False . . 17: True or False: A diseconomy is an economic disadvantage, such as lower efficiency or higher costs. True False . . 18: True or False: Specialization is the result of businesses being limited by the range of functions it can perform efficiently. True False . . 19: True or False: Cost is the difference between what consumers pay and what the products cost to produce and distribute. True False . . 20: True or False: The biblical writers sensed that the economic order can easily slip into an unjust distribution of wealth, and they sought means to right the balance and to structure society so that there would be a more equitable sharing of wealth. True False . . 21: A waitress brings food to your table, not because of your hunger, but because her salary and tips depend on it. This is an example of: Opportunity cost Incentive Conspicuous consumption Selfishness 22: ______ means that everyone's desires cannot be satisfied completely, regardless of what economic system or economic policy we choose, and regardless of whether an individual or a society is poor or affluent. Fixed supply Scarcity Lack of resources Economic recession 23: When the price of oranges rises, it is very likely because the number of oranges demanded at the existing price ______ the number of oranges actually available. is greater than is less than is equal to Not enough information 24: The hope for profits and the threat of losses is what forces a business owner in a capitalist economy to produce at the lowest cost and sell what the customers are most willing to pay for. This is an example of: Supply and demand Economic growth The downfall of capitalism Profits as incentives 25: Whether we look at laws, prophetic teachings, psalms, or the gospel of Jesus, we find the constantly reiterated conviction that all oppression, including economic oppression, is ______ the Divine will. contrary to accepted as caused by Not enough information 26: In the Bible, work is seen as: the essential act of providing for one's family. an intentional, purposeful activity that contributes to the common good. any activity that contributes to the wealth of the community as a whole. a poor use of time. 27: Which of the following is not a way that we can strive for economic justice? To understand as deeply as possible our economic arrangements and their socio-political context. To develop a vision of what the God of justice calls on our society to do and to be in this moment in time. To seek out people less advantaged than ourselves and offer them our possessions and assets. To try to sense how God would have us work with him to transform values, attitudes, and institutions. 28: Which of the following is not a type of economy? capitalist socialist consumerist feudal 29: Which of the following is not one of the three economic commands given by God? Water must be communal. The price of land must be fixed. There must be restrictions put on interest. Profit on food must be forbidden. 30: When large supplies of an item are made, the item's cost will go ______. When very few supplies of the item are made, the price will go ______. When the demand of an item is ______, the price rises. When the demand of an item is ______, the price will go down. down, up, high, low up, down, high, low down, up, low, high up, down, low, high 31: True or False: Not only is the desire for riches condemned, but those who already are wealthy are described as barely able to enter the kingdom, if at all. True False . . 32: True or False: Jesus said that we would always have poor people. True False . . 33: True or False: During the Great Depression, the American unemployment rate reached as high as 53%. True False . . 34: True or False: Poverty is the condition for more than twenty-five million Americans, or one in eight people, including one-sixth of the nation's children. True False . . 35: True or False: A controlled market is a market where price is determined by the unregulated interchange of supply and demand. True False . . 36: True or False: A free market is where supply, demand, and price are set directly by government. True False . . 37: True or False: Competition keeps prices low. True False . . 38: True or False: Capitalism is an economic system based on public ownership of the means of production. True False . . 39: True or False: E-Commerce stands for Entertainment-Commerce. True False . . 40: True or False: The Gross Domestic Product represents the total goods produced inland by domestic and foreign companies. True False . . more

Resolved Question: Is there anyone who know about Angela Sy Dela Cruz wife of the late Anthony Sy Jr.? as she is a scammer?

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Resolved Question: What is Cora Aloran scam ?

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Resolved Question: in his speech what u think he is trying to say Robert F. Kennedy?

Mr. Chancellor, Mr. Vice Chancellor, Professor Robertson, Mr. Diamond, Mr. Daniel, Ladies and Gentlemen: I come here this evening because of my deep interest and affection for a land settled by the Dutch in the mid-seventeenth century, then taken over by the British, and at last independent; a land in which the native inhabitants were at first subdued, but relations with whom remain a problem to this day; a land which defined itself on a hostile frontier; a land which has tamed rich natural resources through the energetic application of modern technology; a land which was once the importer of slaves, and now must struggle to wipe out the last traces of that former bondage. I refer, of course, to the United States of America. But I am glad to come here, and my wife and I and all of our party are glad to come here to South Africa, and we are glad to come here to Capetown. I am already greatly enjoying my visit here. I am making an effort to meet and exchange views with people of all walks of life, and all segments of South African opinion -- including those who represent the views of the government. Today I am glad to meet with the National Union of South African Students. For a decade, NUSAS has stood and worked for the principles of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights -- principles which embody the collective hopes of men of good will around the globe. Your work, at home and in international student affairs, has brought great credit to yourselves and your country. I know the National Student Association in the United States feels a particularly close relationship with this organization. And I wish to thank especially Mr. Ian Robertson, who first extended this invitation on behalf of NUSAS, I wish to thank him for his kindness to me in inviting me. I am very sorry that he can not be with us here this evening. I was happy to have had the opportunity to meet and speak with him earlier this evening, and I presented him with a copy of Profiles in Courage, which was a book written by President John Kennedy and was signed to him by President Kennedy's widow, Mrs. John Kennedy. This is a Day of Affirmation -- a celebration of liberty. We stand here in the name of freedom. At the heart of that western freedom and democracy is the belief that the individual man, the child of God, is the touchstone of value, and all society, all groups, and states, exist for that person's benefit. Therefore the enlargement of liberty for individual human beings must be the supreme goal and the abiding practice of any western society. The first element of this individual liberty is the freedom of speech; the right to express and communicate ideas, to set oneself apart from the dumb beasts of field and forest; the right to recall governments to their duties and obligations; above all, the right to affirm one's membership and allegiance to the body politic -- to society -- to the men with whom we share our land, our heritage and our children's future. Hand in hand with freedom of speech goes the power to be heard -- to share in the decisions of government which shape men's lives. Everything that makes man's lives worthwhile -- family, work, education, a place to rear one's children and a place to rest one's head -- all this depends on the decisions of government; all can be swept away by a government which does not heed the demands of its people, and I mean all of its people. Therefore, the essential humanity of man can be protected and preserved only where the government must answer -- not just to the wealthy; not just to those of a particular religion, not just to those of a particular race; but to all of the people. And even government by the consent of the governed, as in our own Constitution, must be limited in its power to act against its people: so that there may be no interference with the right to worship, but also no interference with the security of the home; no arbitrary imposition of pains or penalties on an ordinary citizen by officials high or low; no restriction on the freedom of men to seek education or to seek work or opportunity of any kind, so that each man may become all that he is capable of becoming. These are the sacred rights of western society. These were the essential differences between us and Nazi Germany as they were between Athens and Persia. They are the essences of our differences with communism today. I am unalterably opposed to communism because it exalts the state over the individual and over the family, and because its system contains a lack of freedom of speech, of protest, of religion, and of the press, which is characteristic of a totalitarian regime. The way of opposition to communism, however, is not to imitate its dictatorship, but to enlarge individual human freedom. There are those in every land who would label as "communist" every threat to their privilege. But may I say to you , as I have seen on my travels in all sections of the world, reform is not communism. And the denial of freedom, in whatever name, only strengthens the very communism it claims to oppose. Many nations have set forth their own definitions and declarations of these principles. And there have often been wide and tragic gaps between promise and performance, ideal and reality. Yet the great ideals have constantly recalled us to our own duties. And -- with painful slowness -- we in the United States have extended and enlarged the meaning and the practice of freedom to all of our people. For two centuries, my own country has struggled to overcome the self-imposed handicap of prejudice and discrimination based on nationality, on social class or race -- discrimination profoundly repugnant to the theory and to the command of our Constitution. Even as my father grew up in Boston, Massachusetts, signs told him that "No Irish Need Apply". Two generations later, President Kennedy became the first Irish Catholic, and the first Catholic, to head the nation; but how many men of ability had, before 1961, been denied the opportunity to contribute to the nation's progress because they were Catholic, or because they were of Irish extraction? How many sons of Italian or Jewish or Polish parents slumbered in the slums -- untaught, unlearned, their potential lost forever to our nation and to the human race? Even today, what price will we pay before we have assured full opportunity to millions of Negro Americans? In the last five years we have done more to assure equality to our Negro citizens and to help the deprived, both white and black, than in the hundred years before that time. But much, much more remains to be done. For there are millions of Negroes untrained for the simplest of jobs, and thousands every day denied their full and equal rights under the law; and the violence of the disinherited, the insulted and the injured, looms over the streets of Harlem and of Watts and Southside Chicago. But a Negro American trains as an astronaut, one of mankind's first explorers into outer space; another is the chief barrister of the United States government, and dozens sit on the benches of our court; and another, Dr. Martin Luther King, is the second man of African descent to win the Nobel Peace Prize for his non-violent efforts for social justice between all of the races. We have passed laws prohibiting discrimination in education, in employment, in housing; but these laws alone cannot overcome the heritage of centuries -- of broken families and stunted children, and poverty and degradation and pain. So the road toward equality of freedom is not easy, and great cost and danger march alongside all of us. We are committed to peaceful and non-violent change and that is important for all to understand -- though change is unsettling. Still, even in the turbulence of protest and struggle is greater hope for the future, as men learn to claim and achieve for themselves the rights formerly petitioned from others. And most important of all, all the panoply of government power has been committed to the goal of equality before the law -- as we are now committing ourselves to achievement of equal opportunity in fact. We must recognize the full human equality of all of our people -- before God, before the law, and in the councils of government. We must do this, not because it is economically advantageous -- although it is; not because the laws of God command it -- although they do; not because people in other lands wish it so. We must do it for the single and fundamental reason that it is the right thing to do. We recognize that there are problems and obstacles before the fulfillment of these ideals in the United States as we recognize that other nations, in Latin America and in Asia and in Africa have their own political, economic, and social problems, their unique barriers to the elimination of injustices. In some, there is concern that change will submerge the rights of a minority, particularly where that minority is of a different race than that of the majority. We in the United States believe in the protection of minorities; we recognize the contributions that they can make and the leadership they can provide; and we do not believe that any people -- whether majority or minority, or individual human beings -- are "expendable" in the cause of theory or policy. We recognize also that justice between men and nations is imperfect, and that humanity sometimes progresses very slowly indeed. All do not develop in the same manner and at the same pace. Nations, like men, often march to the beat of different drummers, and the precise solutions of the United States can neither be dictated nor transplanted to others, and that is not our intention. What is important however is that all nations must march toward increasing freedom; toward justice for all; toward a society strong and flexible enough to meet the demands of all of its people, whatever their race, and the demands of a world of immense and dizzying change that face us all. In a few hours, the plane that brought me to this country crossed over oceans and countries which have been a crucible of human history. In minutes we traced migrations of men over thousands of years; seconds, the briefest glimpse, and we passed battlefields on which millions of men once struggled and died. We could see no national boundaries, no vast gulfs or high walls dividing people from people; only nature and the works of man -- homes and factories and farms -- everywhere reflecting man's common effort to enrich his life. Everywhere new technology and communications brings men and nations closer together, the concerns of one inevitably become the concerns of all. And our new closeness is stripping away the false masks, the illusion of differences which is at the root of injustice and hate and war. Only earthbound man still clings to the dark and poisoning superstition that his world is bounded by the nearest hill, his universe ends at river's shore, his common humanity is enclosed in the tight circle of those who share his town or his views and the color of his skin. It is your job, the task of the young people in this world to strip the last remnants of that ancient, cruel belief from the civilization of man. Each nation has different obstacles and different goals, shaped by the vagaries of history and of experience. Yet as I talk to young people around the world I am impressed not by the diversity but by the closeness of their goals, their desires, and their concerns and their hope for the future. There is discrimination in New York, the racial inequality of apartheid in South Africa, and serfdom in the mountains of Peru. People starve to death in the streets of India; a former Prime Minister is summarily executed in the Congo; intellectuals go to jail in Russia; and thousands are slaughtered in Indonesia; wealth is lavished on armaments everywhere in the world. These are different evils; but they are the common works of man. They reflect the imperfections of human justice, the inadequacy of human compassion, the defectiveness of our sensibility toward the sufferings of our fellows; they mark the limit of our ability to use knowledge for the well-being of our fellow human beings throughout the world. And therefore they call upon common qualities of conscience and indignation, a shared determination to wipe away the unnecessary sufferings of our fellow human beings at home and around the world. It is these qualities which make of our youth today the only true international community. More than this I think that we could agree on what kind of a world we want to build. It would be a world of independent nations, moving toward international community, each of which protected and respected the basic human freedoms. It would be a world which demanded of each government that it accept its responsibility to insure social justice. It would be a world of constantly accelerating economic progress -- not material welfare as an end in of itself, but as a means to liberate the capacity of every human being to pursue his talents and to pursue his hopes. It would, in short, be a world that we would all be proud to have built. Just to the North of here are lands of challenge and of opportunity -- rich in natural resources, land and minerals and people. Yet they are also lands confronted by the greatest odds -- overwhelming ignorance, internal tensions and strife, and great obstacles of climate and geography. Many of these nations, as colonies, were oppressed and were exploited. Yet they have not estranged themselves from the broad traditions of the West; they are hoping and they are gambling their progress and their stability on the chance that we will meet our responsibilities to them, to help them overcome their poverty. In the world we would like to build, South Africa could play an outstanding role, and a role of leadership in that effort. This country is without question a preeminent repository of the wealth and the knowledge and the skill of the continent. Here are the greater part of Africa's research scientists and steel production, most of it reservoirs of coal and of electric power. Many South Africans have made major contributions to African technical development and world science; the names of some are known wherever men seek to eliminate the ravages of tropical disease and of pestilence. In your faculties and councils, here in this very audience, are hundreds and thousands of men and women who could transform the lives of millions for all time to come. But the help and leadership of South Africa or of the United States cannot be accepted if we -- within our own countries or in our relationships with others -- deny individual integrity, human dignity, and the common humanity of man. If we would lead outside our own borders; if we would help those who need our assistance; if we would meet our responsibilities to mankind; we must first, all of us, demolish the borders which history has erected between men within our own nations -- barriers of race and religion, social class and ignorance. Our answer is the world's hope; it is to rely on youth. The cruelties and the obstacles of this swiftly changing planet will not yield to obsolete dogmas and outworn slogans. It cannot be moved by those who cling to a present which is already dying, who prefer the illusion of security to the excitement and danger which comes with even the most peaceful progress. This world demands the qualities of youth: not a time of life but a state of mind, a temper of the will, a quality of imagination, a predominance of courage over timidity, of the appetite for adventure over the life of ease -- a man like the Chancellor of this University. It is a revolutionary world that we all live in; and thus, as I have said in Latin America and Asia and in Europe and in my own country, the United States, it is the young people who must take the lead. Thus you, and your young compatriots everywhere have had thrust upon you a greater burden of responsibility than any generation that has ever lived. "There is," said an Italian philosopher, "nothing more difficult to take in hand, more perilous to conduct, or more uncertain in its success than to take the lead in the introduction of a new order of things." Yet this is the measure of the task of your generation and the road is strewn with many dangers. First is the danger of futility; the belief there is nothing one man or one woman cando against the enormous array of the world's ills -- against misery, against ignorance, or injustice and violence. Yet many of the world's great movements, of thought and action, have flowed from the work of a single man. A young monk began the Protestant reformation, a young general extended an empire from Macedonia to the borders of the earth, and a young woman reclaimed the territory of France. It was a young Italian explorer who discovered the New /world, and 32 year old Thomas Jefferson who proclaimed that all men are created equal. "Give me a place to stand," said Archimedes, "and I will move the world." These men moved the world, and so can we all. Few will have the greatness to bend history; but each of us can work to change a small portion of the events, and in the total of all these acts will be written the history of this generation. Thousands of Peace Corps volunteers are making a difference in the isolated villages and the city slums of dozens of countries. Thousands of unknown men and women in Europe resisted the occupation of the Nazis and many died, but all added to the ultimate strength and freedom of their countries. It is from numberless diverse acts of courage such as these that the belief that human history is thus shaped. Each time a man stands up for an ideal, or acts to improve the lot of others, or strikes out against injustice, he sends forth a tiny ripple of hope, and crossing each other from a million different centers of energy and daring those ripples build a current which can sweep down the mightiest walls of oppression and resistance. "If Athens shall appear great to you," said Pericles, "consider then that her glories were purchased by valiant men, and by men who learned their duty." That is the source of all greatness in all societies, and it is the key to progress in our own time. The second danger is that of expediency; of those who say that hopes and beliefs must bend before immediate necessities. Of course if we must act effectively we must deal with the world as it is. We must get things done. But if there was one thing that President Kennedy stood for that touched the most profound feeling of young people across the world, it was the belief that idealism, high aspiration and deep convictions are not incompatible with the most practical and efficient of programs -- that there is no basic inconsistency between ideals and realistic possibilities -- no separation between the deepest desires of heart and of mind and the rational application of human effort to human problems. It is not realistic or hard-headed to solve problems and take action unguided by ultimate moral aims and values, although we all know some who claim that it is so. In my judgement, it is thoughtless folly. For it ignores the realities of human faith and of passion and of belief; forces ultimately more powerful than all the calculations of our economists or of our generals. Of course to adhere to standards, to idealism, to vision in the face of immediate dangers takes great courage and takes self-confidence. But we also know that only those who dare to fail greatly, can ever achieve greatly. It is this new idealism which is also, I believe, the common heritage of a generation which has learned that while efficiency can lead to the camps at Auschwitz, or the streets of Budapest, only the ideals of humanity and love can climb the hills of the Acropolis. A third danger is timidity. Few men are willing to brave the disapproval of their fellows, the censure of their colleagues, the wrath of their society. Moral courage is a rarer commodity than bravery in battle or great intelligence. Yet it is the one essential, vital quality for those who seek to change the world which yields most painfully to change. Aristotle tells us "At the Olympic games it is not the finest or the strongest men who are crowned, but those who enter the lists. . .so too in the life of the honorable and the good it is they who act rightly who win the prize." I believe that in this generation those with the courage to enter the conflict will find themselves with companions in every corner of the world. For the fortunate amongst us, the fourth danger is comfort; the temptation to follow the easy and familiar path of personal ambition and financial success so grandly spread before those who have the privelege of an education. But that is not the road history has marked out for us. There is a Chinese curse which says "May he live in interesting times." Like it or not, we live in interesting times. They are times of danger and uncertainty; but they are also the most creative of any time in the history of mankind. And everyone here will ultimately be judged -- will ultimately judge himself -- on the effort he has contributed to building a new world society and the extent to which his ideals and goals have shaped that effort. So we part, I to my country and you to remain. We are -- if a man of forty can claim the privelege -- fellow members of the world's largest younger generation. Each of us have our own work to do. I know at times you must feel very alone with your problems and with your difficulties. But I want to say how impressed I am with what you stand for and for the effort you are making; and I say this not just for myself, but men and women all over the world. And I hope you will often take heart from the knowledge that you are joined with your fellow young people in every land, they struggling with their problems and you with yours, but all joined in a common purpose; that, like the young people of my own country and of every country that I have visited, you are all in many ways more closely united to the brothers of your time than to the older generation in any of these nations; you are determined to build a better future. President Kennedy was speaking to the young people of America, but beyond them to young people everywhere, when he said "The energy, the faith, the devotion which we bring to this endeavor will light our country and all who serve it -- and the glow from that fire can truly light the world." And, he added, "With a good conscience our only sure reward, with history the final judge of our deeds, let us go forth and lead the land we love, asking His blessing and His help, but knowing that here on earth God's work must truly be our own." I thank you. more

Resolved Question: 1._ is a federal law that requires building contractors to pay prevailing wages. It has helped union members,?

but it also has had a negative effect on new entrants into the construction industry, such as minorities. a. The Taft-Hartley Act b. The Davis-Bacon Act c. The Omnibus Rehabilitation Act d. The Equal Employment Opportunity Act e. None of these 2.The facts of a case are established by: a. the judge b. the attorney appointed by the judge c. the jury d. the parties to the case e. all of the above 3.Common law and statutory law that define and establish legal rights and regulate behavior is: a. procedural law b. moral law c. substantive law d. stare decisis e. none of the above 4.Among other things, the Fourteenth Amendment protects the due process rights of citizens and: a. protects freedom of speech b. protects the citizens right to bear arms c. provides for equal protection d. protects freedom of religion e. provides no other protection more

Resolved Question: Liberals are followers and Bush is a leader. Its better to be right than popular?

President Bush's Accomplishments Abortion & Traditional Values 1. Banned Partial Birth Abortion — by far the most significant roll-back of abortion on demand since Roe v. Wade. 2. Reversed Clinton's move to strike Reagan's anti-abortion Mexico Policy. 3. By Executive Order (EO), reversed Clinton's policy of not requiring parental consent for abortions under the Medical Privacy Act. 4. By EO, prohibited federal funds for international family planning groups that provide abortions and related services. 5. Upheld the ban on abortions at military hospitals. 6. Made $33 million available for abstinence education programs in 2004. 7. Supports the Defense of Marriage Act — and a Constitutional amendment saying marriage is between one man and one woman. 8. Requires states to conduct criminal background checks on prospective foster and adoptive parents. 9. Requires districts to let students transfer out of dangerous schools. 10. Requires schools to have a zero-tolerance policy for classroom disruption (reintroducing discipline into classrooms). 11. Signed the Teacher Protection Act, which protects teachers from lawsuits related to student discipline. 12. Expanded the role of faith-based and community organizations in after-school programs. Budget, Taxes & Economy 1. Signed two income tax cuts, one of which was the largest dollar-value tax cut in world history. 2. Supports permanent elimination of the death tax. 3. Turned around an inherited economy that was in recession, and deeply shocked as a result of the 9/11 attacks. 4. Is seeking legislation to amend the Constitution to give the president line-item veto authority. 5. In process of permanently eliminating IRS marriage penalty. 6. Increased small business incentives to expand and to hire new people. 7. Initiated discussion on privatizing Social Security and individual investment accounts. 8. Killed Clinton's "ergonomic" rules that OSHA was about to implement; rules would have shut down every home business in America. 9. Passed tough new laws to hold corporate criminals to account as a result of corporate scandals. 10. Reduced taxes on dividends and capital gains. 11. Signed trade promotion authority. 12. Reduced and is working to ultimately eliminate the estate tax for family farms and ranches. 13. Fight Europe's ban on importing biotech crops from the United States. 14. Exempt food from unilateral trade sanctions and embargoes. 15. Provided $20 million to states to help people with disabilities work from home. 16. Created a fund to encourage technologies that help the disabled. 17. Increased the annual contribution limit on Education IRA's from $500 to $2,000 per child. 18. Make permanent the $5,000 adoption tax credit and provide $1 billion over five years to increase the credit to $10,000. 19. Grant a complete tax exemption for prepaid or college tuition savings plans. 20. Reduced H1B visas from a high of 195,000 per year to 66,000 per year. Character & Conduct as President 1. Changed the tone in the White House, restoring HONOR and DIGNITY to the presidency. 2. Has reintroduced the mention of God and faith into public discourse. 3. Handled himself with enormous courage, dignity, grace, determination, and leadership in the aftermath of the September 11, 2001 hijackings and anthrax attacks. He almost single-handedly held this country together during those searing days: Just three days after the attacks, in his address at the National Cathedral, the President reassured the nation when he said: "War has been waged against us by stealth and deceit and murder. This nation is peaceful, but fierce when stirred to anger. This conflict was begun on the timing and terms of others. It will end in a way, and at an hour, of our choosing." On Friday, September 14, 2001, President Bush visited Ground Zero. Standing on a crushed and burned fire engine atop the smoldering pile at Ground Zero, he put his arm around a retired firefighter who had volunteered to help, and began speaking to the crowd. Rescue workers shouted that they could not hear him. Someone handed him a small American flag and bullhorn. The President spontaneously shouted: "I can hear you. The rest of the world hears you. And the people who knocked these buildings down will hear all of us soon." The crowd roared with cheers and chants of "USA! USA! USA!" Then he raised that American flag and rallied a nation. Education & Employment Training 1. Signed the No Child Left Behind Act, delivering the most dramatic education reforms in a generation (challenging the soft bigotry of low expectations). The very liberal California Teachers union is currently running radio ads against the accountability provisions of this Act. 2. Announced "Jobs for the 21st Century," a comprehensive plan to better prepare workers for jobs in the new millennium by strengthening post-secondary education and job training, and by improving high school education. 3. Is working to provide vouchers to low-income students in persistently failing schools to help with costs of attending private schools. (Blocked in the Senate.) 4. Requires annual reading and math tests in grades three through eight. 5. Requires states to participate in the National Assessment of Education Progress, or an equivalent program, to establish a national benchmark for academic performance. 6. Requires school-by-school accountability report cards. 7. Established a $2.4 billion fund to help states implement teacher accountability systems. 8. Increased funding for the Troops-to-Teachers program, which recruits former military personnel to become teachers. Environment & Energy 1. Killed the Kyoto Global Warming Treaty. 2. Submitted a comprehensive Energy Plan (awaits Congressional action). The plan works to develop cleaner technology, produce more natural gas here at home, make America less dependent on foreign sources of energy, improve national grid, etc. 3. Established a $10 million grant program to promote private conservation initiatives. 4. Significantly eased field-testing controls of genetically engineered crops. 5. Changed parts of the Forestry Management Act to allow necessary cleanup of the national forests in order to reduce fire danger. 6. Part of national forests cleanup: Restricted judicial challenges (based on the Endangered Species Act and other challenges), and removed the need for an Environmental Impact Statement before removing fuels/logging to reduce fire danger. 7. Killed Clinton's CO2 rules that were choking off all of the electricity surplus to California. 8. Provided matching grants for state programs that help private landowners protect rare species. Defense & Foreign Policy 1. Successfully executed two wars in the aftermath of 9/11/01: Afghanistan and Iraq. 50 million people who had lived under tyrannical regimes now live in freedom. 2. Saddam Hussein is now in prison. His two murderous sons are dead. All but a handful of the regime's senior members were killed or captured. 3. Leader by leader and member by member, al Maida is being hunted down in dozens of countries around the world. Of the senior al Qaeda leaders, operational managers, and key facilitators the U.S. Government has been tracking, nearly two-thirds have been taken into custody or killed. The detentions or deaths of senior al Qaeda leaders, including Khalid Shaykh Muhammad, the mastermind of 9/11, and Muhammad Atef, Osama bin Laden's second-in-command until his death in late 2001, have been important in the War on Terror. 4. Disarmed Libya of its chemical, nuclear and biological WMD's without bribes or bloodshed. 5. Continues to execute the War On Terror, getting worldwide cooperation to track funds/terrorists. Has cut off much of the terrorists' funding, and captured or killed many key leaders of the al Qaeda network. 6. Initiated a comprehensive review of our military, which was completed just prior to 9/11/01, and which accurately reported that ASYMMETRICAL WARFARE capabilities were critical in the 21st Century. 7. Killed the old US/Soviet Union ABM Treaty that was preventing the U.S. from deploying our ABM defenses. 8. Has been one of the strongest, if not THE strongest friend Israel has ever hand in the U.S. presidency. 9. Part of the coalition for an Israeli/Palestinian "Roadmap to Peace," along with Great Britain, Russia and the EU. 10. Pushed through THREE raises for our military. Increased military pay by more than $1 billion a year. 11. Signed the LARGEST nuclear arms reduction in world history with Russia. 12. Started withdrawing our troops from Bosnia, and has announced withdrawal of our troops from Germany and the Korean DMZ. 13. Prohibited putting U.S. troops under U.N. command. 14. Paid back UN dues only in return for reforms and reduction of U.S. share of the costs. 15. Earmarked at least 20 percent of the Defense procurement budget for next-generation weaponry. 16. Increased defense research and development spending by at least $20 billion from fiscal 2002 to 2006. 17. Ordered a comprehensive review of military weapons and strategy. 18. Ordered a review of overseas deployments. 19. Ordered renovation of military housing. The military has already upgraded about 10 percent of its inventory and expects to modernize 76,000 additional homes this year. 20. Is working to tighten restrictions on military-technology exports. 21. Brought back our EP-3 intel plane and crew from China without any bribes or bloodshed. Globalization & Internationalism 1. Challenged the United Nations to live up to their responsibilities and not become another League of Nations (in other words, showed the UN to be completely irrelevant). 2. Killed U.S. involvement in the International Criminal Court. 3. Told the United Nations we weren't interested in their plans for gun control (i.e., the International Ban on Small Arms Trafficking Treaty).* 4. The only President since the founding of the UN to essentially tell that organization it is irrelevant. He said: "The conduct of the Iraqi regime is a threat to the authority of the United Nations, and a threat to peace. Iraq has answered a decade of UN demands with a decade of defiance. All the world now faces a test, and the United Nations a difficult and defining moment. Are Security Council resolutions to be honored and enforced, or cast aside without consequence? Will the United Nations serve the purpose of its founding, or will it be irrelevant?" We all know the outcome and the answer. 5. Told the Congress and the world, "America will never seek a permission slip to defend the security of our country." Government Reform 1. Improved government efficiency by putting hundreds of thousands of jobs put up for bid. This weakens public-sector unions and cuts undeserved pay raises. 2. Initiated review of all federal agencies with the goal of eliminating federal jobs (completed September 2003) in an effort to reduce the size of the federal government while increasing private sector jobs. 3. Led the most extensive reorganization the Federal bureaucracy in over 50 years: After 9/11, condensed 20+ overlapping agencies and their intelligence sectors into one agency, the Department of Homeland Security.* 4. Ordered each agency to draft a five-year plan to restructure itself, with fewer managers. 5. Converted federal service contracts to performance-based contracts wherever possible so that the contractor has measurable performance goals. Health 1. Strengthen the National Health Service Corps to put more physicians in the neediest areas, and make its scholarship funds tax-free. 2. Double the research budget of the National Institutes of Health. 3. Signed Medicare Reform, which includes: A 10-year privatization option. Prescription drug benefits: Prior to this reform, Medicare paid for extended hospital stays for ulcer surgery, for example, at a cost of about $28,000 per patient. Yet Medicare would not pay for the drugs that eliminate the cause of most ulcers, drugs that cost about $500 a year. Now, drug coverage under Medicare will allow seniors to replace more expensive surgeries and hospitalizations with less expensive prescription medicine. More health care choices: As President Bush stated, "…when seniors have the ability to make choices, health care plans within Medicare will have to compete for their business by offering higher quality service [at lower cost]. For the seniors of America, more choices and more control will mean better health care. These are the kinds of health care options we give to the members of Congress and federal employees. What's good for members of Congress is also good for seniors. New Health Savings Accounts: Effective January 1, 2004, Americans can set aside up to $4,500 every year, tax free, to save for medical expenses. Depending on your tax bracket, that means you'll save between 10 to 35 percent on any costs covered by money in your account. Every year, the money not spent would stay in the account and gain interest tax-free, just like an IRA. These accounts will be good for small business owners, and employees. More businesses can focus on covering workers for major medical problems, such as hospitalization for an injury or illness. At the same time, employees and their families will use these accounts to cover doctors visits, or lab tests, or other smaller costs. Some employers will contribute to employee health accounts. This will help more American families get the health care they need at the price they can afford. Homeland Security, Border Enforcement & Immigration 1. *See Government Reform above. Under President Bush's leadership, America has made an unprecedented commitment to homeland security. 2. Has CONSTRUCTION in process on the first 10 ABM silos in Alaska so that America will have a defense against North Korean nukes. Has ordered national and theater ballistic missile defenses to be deployed by 2004. 3. Announced a 9.7% increase in government-wide homeland security funding in his FY 2005 budget, nearly tripling the FY 2001 levels (excluding the Department of Defense and Project BioShield). 4. Before DHS was created, there were inspectors from three different agencies of the Federal Government and Border Patrol officers protecting our borders. Through DHS, U.S. Customs and Border Protection (CBP) now consolidates all border activities into a single agency to create "one face at the border." This not only better secures the borders of the United States, but it also eliminates many of the inefficiencies that occurred under the old system. With over 18,000 CBP inspectors and 11,000 Border Patrol agents, CBP has 29,000 uniformed officers on our borders. 5. The Border Patrol is continuing installation of monitoring devices along the borders to detect illegal activity. 6. Launched Operation Tarmac to investigate businesses and workers in the secure areas of domestic airports and ensure immigration law compliance. Since 9/11, DHS has audited 3,640 businesses, examined 259,037 employee records, arrested 1,030 unauthorized workers, and participated in the criminal indictment of 774 individuals. 7. Since September 11, 2001, the Coast Guard has conducted more than 124,000 port security patrols, 13,000 air patrols, boarded more than 92,000 vessels, interdicted over 14,000 individuals attempting to enter the United States illegally, and created and maintained more than 90 Maritime Security Zones. 8. Announced the Student and Exchange Visitor Information System (SEVIS), an internet-based system that is improving America's ability to track and monitor foreign students and exchange visitors. Over 870,000 students are registered in SEVIS. Of 285 completed field investigations, 71 aliens were arrested. 9. This week, the US-VISIT program began to digitally collect biometric identifiers to record the entry and exit of aliens who travel into the U.S on a visa. Together with the standard information, this new program will confirm compliance with visa and immigration policies. 10. Eliminated INS bureaucratic redundancies and lack of accountability. 11. Split the Immigration and Naturalization Service into two agencies: one to protect the border and interior, the other to deal with naturalization. 12. Signed the workplace verification bill to prevent hiring of illegal aliens. 13. Established a six-month deadline for processing immigration applications. 14. Information regarding nearly 100% of all containerized cargo is carefully screened by DHS before it arrives in the United States. Higher risk shipments are physically inspected for terrorist weapons and contraband prior to being released from the port of entry. Advanced technologies are being deployed to identify warning signs of chemical, biological, or radiological attacks. Since September 11, 2001, hundreds of thousands of first responders across America have been trained to recognize and respond to the effects of a WMD attack. Judiciary & Tort Reform 1. Is urging federal liability reform to eliminate frivolous lawsuits. 2. Killed the liberal ABA's unconstitutional role in vetting federal judges. The Senate is supposed to advise and consent, not the ABA. 3. Is nominating strong, conservative judges to the judiciary. 4. Supports class action reform bill which limits lawyer fees so that more settlement money goes to victims. Politics 1. His leadership resulted in Republican gains in the House and Senate, solidifying Republican control of both houses of Congress and the presidency. 2. Signed an EO enforcing the Supreme Court's Beck decision regarding union dues being used for political campaigns against individual's wishes. Second Amendment 1. Ordered Attorney General Ashcroft to formally notify the Supreme Court that the OFFICIAL U.S. government position on the 2nd Amendment is that it supports INDIVIDUAL rights to own firearms, and is NOT a Leftist-imagined "collective" right. 2. Signed TWO bills into law that arm our pilots with handguns in the cockpit. 3. Currently pushing for full immunity from lawsuits for our national gun manufacturers. 4. *See Globalization & Internationalism. Traditional Values, Compassion & Volunteerism 1. Endorses and promotes "The Responsibility Era." President Bush often speaks of the necessity of personal responsibility and civic volunteerism. He said, "In a compassionate society, people respect one another and take responsibility for the decisions they make in life. My hope is to change the culture from one that has said, if it feels good, do it; if you've got a problem, blame somebody else — to one in which every single American understands that he or she is responsible for the decisions that you make; you're responsible for loving your children with all your heart and all your soul; you're responsible for being involved with the quality of the education of your children; you're responsible for making sure the community in which you live is safe; you're responsible for loving your neighbor, just like you would like to be loved yourself." 2. Started the USA Freedom Corps, the most comprehensive clearinghouse of volunteer opportunities ever offered. For the first time in history, Americans can enter geographic information about where they want to get involved, such as state or zip code, as well as areas of interest ranging from education to the environment, and they can access volunteer opportunities offered by more than 50,000 organizations across the country and around the world. 3. Established the The White House Office and the Centers for the Faith-Based and Community Initiative — located in seven Federal agencies. The faith-based initiative supports the essential work of these important organizations. The goal is to make sure that grassroots leaders can compete on an equal footing for federal dollars, receive greater private support, and face fewer bureaucratic barriers. Work focuses on at-risk youth, ex-offenders, the homeless and hungry, substance abusers, those with HIV/AIDS, and welfare-to-work families. 4. The White House released a guidebook fully describing the Administration's belief that faith-based groups have a Constitutionally-protected right to maintain their religious identity through hiring — even when Federal funds are involved. 5. Issued an EO implementing the Supreme Court's Olmstead ruling, which requires moving disabled people from institutions to community-based facilities when possible. 6. Increased funding for low-interest loan programs to help people with disabilities purchase devices to assist them. 7. Revised the Department of Housing and Urban Development's Section 8 rent subsidies to disabled people, permitting them to use up to a year's worth of vouchers to finance down payments on homes. HUD has started pilot programs in 11 states. 8. Committed US funds to purchase medicine for millions of men, women and children now suffering with AIDS in Africa. 9. Heeding the words of our own Declaration of Independence, the president laid out the non-negotiable demands of human dignity for all people everywhere. On January 29, 2002, he said, "No nation owns these aspirations, and no nation is exempt from them. We have no intention of imposing our culture. But America will always stand firm for the non-negotiable demands of human dignity." As stated by the President, they are a virtual manifesto of conservative principles: Equal Justice Freedom of Speech Limited Government Power Private Property Rights Religious Tolerance Respect for Women Rule of Law more

Resolved Question: Why do libs avoid President Bush's Accomplishments?

President Bush's Accomplishments Spotted at Rightnation.us and GOPUSA.com reprinted here for your pleasure. I encourage people who support Bush to learn how effective our President has been, and liberals ought to browse this too. Just remember, the liberal media can't cover up the truth of his accomplishments. The Bush Administration 2001-2004 Abortion & Traditional Values 1. Banned Partial Birth Abortion — by far the most significant roll-back of abortion on demand since Roe v. Wade. 2. Reversed Clinton's move to strike Reagan's anti-abortion Mexico Policy. 3. By Executive Order (EO), reversed Clinton's policy of not requiring parental consent for abortions under the Medical Privacy Act. 4. By EO, prohibited federal funds for international family planning groups that provide abortions and related services. 5. Upheld the ban on abortions at military hospitals. 6. Made $33 million available for abstinence education programs in 2004. 7. Supports the Defense of Marriage Act — and a Constitutional amendment saying marriage is between one man and one woman. 8. Requires states to conduct criminal background checks on prospective foster and adoptive parents. 9. Requires districts to let students transfer out of dangerous schools. 10. Requires schools to have a zero-tolerance policy for classroom disruption (reintroducing discipline into classrooms). 11. Signed the Teacher Protection Act, which protects teachers from lawsuits related to student discipline. 12. Expanded the role of faith-based and community organizations in after-school programs. Budget, Taxes & Economy 1. Signed two income tax cuts, one of which was the largest dollar-value tax cut in world history. 2. Supports permanent elimination of the death tax. 3. Turned around an inherited economy that was in recession, and deeply shocked as a result of the 9/11 attacks. 4. Is seeking legislation to amend the Constitution to give the president line-item veto authority. 5. In process of permanently eliminating IRS marriage penalty. 6. Increased small business incentives to expand and to hire new people. 7. Initiated discussion on privatizing Social Security and individual investment accounts. 8. Killed Clinton's "ergonomic" rules that OSHA was about to implement; rules would have shut down every home business in America. 9. Passed tough new laws to hold corporate criminals to account as a result of corporate scandals. 10. Reduced taxes on dividends and capital gains. 11. Signed trade promotion authority. 12. Reduced and is working to ultimately eliminate the estate tax for family farms and ranches. 13. Fight Europe's ban on importing biotech crops from the United States. 14. Exempt food from unilateral trade sanctions and embargoes. 15. Provided $20 million to states to help people with disabilities work from home. 16. Created a fund to encourage technologies that help the disabled. 17. Increased the annual contribution limit on Education IRA's from $500 to $2,000 per child. 18. Make permanent the $5,000 adoption tax credit and provide $1 billion over five years to increase the credit to $10,000. 19. Grant a complete tax exemption for prepaid or college tuition savings plans. 20. Reduced H1B visas from a high of 195,000 per year to 66,000 per year. Character & Conduct as President 1. Changed the tone in the White House, restoring HONOR and DIGNITY to the presidency. 2. Has reintroduced the mention of God and faith into public discourse. 3. Handled himself with enormous courage, dignity, grace, determination, and leadership in the aftermath of the September 11, 2001 hijackings and anthrax attacks. He almost single-handedly held this country together during those searing days: Just three days after the attacks, in his address at the National Cathedral, the President reassured the nation when he said: "War has been waged against us by stealth and deceit and murder. This nation is peaceful, but fierce when stirred to anger. This conflict was begun on the timing and terms of others. It will end in a way, and at an hour, of our choosing." On Friday, September 14, 2001, President Bush visited Ground Zero. Standing on a crushed and burned fire engine atop the smoldering pile at Ground Zero, he put his arm around a retired firefighter who had volunteered to help, and began speaking to the crowd. Rescue workers shouted that they could not hear him. Someone handed him a small American flag and bullhorn. The President spontaneously shouted: "I can hear you. The rest of the world hears you. And the people who knocked these buildings down will hear all of us soon." The crowd roared with cheers and chants of "USA! USA! USA!" Then he raised that American flag and rallied a nation. Education & Employment Training 1. Signed the No Child Left Behind Act, delivering the most dramatic education reforms in a generation (challenging the soft bigotry of low expectations). The very liberal California Teachers union is currently running radio ads against the accountability provisions of this Act. 2. Announced "Jobs for the 21st Century," a comprehensive plan to better prepare workers for jobs in the new millennium by strengthening post-secondary education and job training, and by improving high school education. 3. Is working to provide vouchers to low-income students in persistently failing schools to help with costs of attending private schools. (Blocked in the Senate.) 4. Requires annual reading and math tests in grades three through eight. 5. Requires states to participate in the National Assessment of Education Progress, or an equivalent program, to establish a national benchmark for academic performance. 6. Requires school-by-school accountability report cards. 7. Established a $2.4 billion fund to help states implement teacher accountability systems. 8. Increased funding for the Troops-to-Teachers program, which recruits former military personnel to become teachers. Environment & Energy 1. Killed the Kyoto Global Warming Treaty. 2. Submitted a comprehensive Energy Plan (awaits Congressional action). The plan works to develop cleaner technology, produce more natural gas here at home, make America less dependent on foreign sources of energy, improve national grid, etc. 3. Established a $10 million grant program to promote private conservation initiatives. 4. Significantly eased field-testing controls of genetically engineered crops. 5. Changed parts of the Forestry Management Act to allow necessary cleanup of the national forests in order to reduce fire danger. 6. Part of national forests cleanup: Restricted judicial challenges (based on the Endangered Species Act and other challenges), and removed the need for an Environmental Impact Statement before removing fuels/logging to reduce fire danger. 7. Killed Clinton's CO2 rules that were choking off all of the electricity surplus to California. 8. Provided matching grants for state programs that help private landowners protect rare species. Defense & Foreign Policy 1. Successfully executed two wars in the aftermath of 9/11/01: Afghanistan and Iraq. 50 million people who had lived under tyrannical regimes now live in freedom. 2. Saddam Hussein is now in prison. His two murderous sons are dead. All but a handful of the regime's senior members were killed or captured. 3. Leader by leader and member by member, al Maida is being hunted down in dozens of countries around the world. Of the senior al Qaeda leaders, operational managers, and key facilitators the U.S. Government has been tracking, nearly two-thirds have been taken into custody or killed. The detentions or deaths of senior al Qaeda leaders, including Khalid Shaykh Muhammad, the mastermind of 9/11, and Muhammad Atef, Osama bin Laden's second-in-command until his death in late 2001, have been important in the War on Terror. 4. Disarmed Libya of its chemical, nuclear and biological WMD's without bribes or bloodshed. 5. Continues to execute the War On Terror, getting worldwide cooperation to track funds/terrorists. Has cut off much of the terrorists' funding, and captured or killed many key leaders of the al Qaeda network. 6. Initiated a comprehensive review of our military, which was completed just prior to 9/11/01, and which accurately reported that ASYMMETRICAL WARFARE capabilities were critical in the 21st Century. 7. Killed the old US/Soviet Union ABM Treaty that was preventing the U.S. from deploying our ABM defenses. 8. Has been one of the strongest, if not THE strongest friend Israel has ever hand in the U.S. presidency. 9. Part of the coalition for an Israeli/Palestinian "Roadmap to Peace," along with Great Britain, Russia and the EU. 10. Pushed through THREE raises for our military. Increased military pay by more than $1 billion a year. 11. Signed the LARGEST nuclear arms reduction in world history with Russia. 12. Started withdrawing our troops from Bosnia, and has announced withdrawal of our troops from Germany and the Korean DMZ. 13. Prohibited putting U.S. troops under U.N. command. 14. Paid back UN dues only in return for reforms and reduction of U.S. share of the costs. 15. Earmarked at least 20 percent of the Defense procurement budget for next-generation weaponry. 16. Increased defense research and development spending by at least $20 billion from fiscal 2002 to 2006. 17. Ordered a comprehensive review of military weapons and strategy. 18. Ordered a review of overseas deployments. 19. Ordered renovation of military housing. The military has already upgraded about 10 percent of its inventory and expects to modernize 76,000 additional homes this year. 20. Is working to tighten restrictions on military-technology exports. 21. Brought back our EP-3 intel plane and crew from China without any bribes or bloodshed. Globalization & Internationalism 1. Challenged the United Nations to live up to their responsibilities and not become another League of Nations (in other words, showed the UN to be completely irrelevant). 2. Killed U.S. involvement in the International Criminal Court. 3. Told the United Nations we weren't interested in their plans for gun control (i.e., the International Ban on Small Arms Trafficking Treaty).* 4. The only President since the founding of the UN to essentially tell that organization it is irrelevant. He said: "The conduct of the Iraqi regime is a threat to the authority of the United Nations, and a threat to peace. Iraq has answered a decade of UN demands with a decade of defiance. All the world now faces a test, and the United Nations a difficult and defining moment. Are Security Council resolutions to be honored and enforced, or cast aside without consequence? Will the United Nations serve the purpose of its founding, or will it be irrelevant?" We all know the outcome and the answer. 5. Told the Congress and the world, "America will never seek a permission slip to defend the security of our country." Government Reform 1. Improved government efficiency by putting hundreds of thousands of jobs put up for bid. This weakens public-sector unions and cuts undeserved pay raises. 2. Initiated review of all federal agencies with the goal of eliminating federal jobs (completed September 2003) in an effort to reduce the size of the federal government while increasing private sector jobs. 3. Led the most extensive reorganization the Federal bureaucracy in over 50 years: After 9/11, condensed 20+ overlapping agencies and their intelligence sectors into one agency, the Department of Homeland Security.* 4. Ordered each agency to draft a five-year plan to restructure itself, with fewer managers. 5. Converted federal service contracts to performance-based contracts wherever possible so that the contractor has measurable performance goals. Health 1. Strengthen the National Health Service Corps to put more physicians in the neediest areas, and make its scholarship funds tax-free. 2. Double the research budget of the National Institutes of Health. 3. Signed Medicare Reform, which includes: A 10-year privatization option. Prescription drug benefits: Prior to this reform, Medicare paid for extended hospital stays for ulcer surgery, for example, at a cost of about $28,000 per patient. Yet Medicare would not pay for the drugs that eliminate the cause of most ulcers, drugs that cost about $500 a year. Now, drug coverage under Medicare will allow seniors to replace more expensive surgeries and hospitalizations with less expensive prescription medicine. More health care choices: As President Bush stated, "…when seniors have the ability to make choices, health care plans within Medicare will have to compete for their business by offering higher quality service [at lower cost]. For the seniors of America, more choices and more control will mean better health care. These are the kinds of health care options we give to the members of Congress and federal employees. What's good for members of Congress is also good for seniors. New Health Savings Accounts: Effective January 1, 2004, Americans can set aside up to $4,500 every year, tax free, to save for medical expenses. Depending on your tax bracket, that means you'll save between 10 to 35 percent on any costs covered by money in your account. Every year, the money not spent would stay in the account and gain interest tax-free, just like an IRA. These accounts will be good for small business owners, and employees. More businesses can focus on covering workers for major medical problems, such as hospitalization for an injury or illness. At the same time, employees and their families will use these accounts to cover doctors visits, or lab tests, or other smaller costs. Some employers will contribute to employee health accounts. This will help more American families get the health care they need at the price they can afford. Homeland Security, Border Enforcement & Immigration 1. *See Government Reform above. Under President Bush's leadership, America has made an unprecedented commitment to homeland security. 2. Has CONSTRUCTION in process on the first 10 ABM silos in Alaska so that America will have a defense against North Korean nukes. Has ordered national and theater ballistic missile defenses to be deployed by 2004. 3. Announced a 9.7% increase in government-wide homeland security funding in his FY 2005 budget, nearly tripling the FY 2001 levels (excluding the Department of Defense and Project BioShield). 4. Before DHS was created, there were inspectors from three different agencies of the Federal Government and Border Patrol officers protecting our borders. Through DHS, U.S. Customs and Border Protection (CBP) now consolidates all border activities into a single agency to create "one face at the border." This not only better secures the borders of the United States, but it also eliminates many of the inefficiencies that occurred under the old system. With over 18,000 CBP inspectors and 11,000 Border Patrol agents, CBP has 29,000 uniformed officers on our borders. 5. The Border Patrol is continuing installation of monitoring devices along the borders to detect illegal activity. 6. Launched Operation Tarmac to investigate businesses and workers in the secure areas of domestic airports and ensure immigration law compliance. Since 9/11, DHS has audited 3,640 businesses, examined 259,037 employee records, arrested 1,030 unauthorized workers, and participated in the criminal indictment of 774 individuals. 7. Since September 11, 2001, the Coast Guard has conducted more than 124,000 port security patrols, 13,000 air patrols, boarded more than 92,000 vessels, interdicted over 14,000 individuals attempting to enter the United States illegally, and created and maintained more than 90 Maritime Security Zones. 8. Announced the Student and Exchange Visitor Information System (SEVIS), an internet-based system that is improving America's ability to track and monitor foreign students and exchange visitors. Over 870,000 students are registered in SEVIS. Of 285 completed field investigations, 71 aliens were arrested. 9. This week, the US-VISIT program began to digitally collect biometric identifiers to record the entry and exit of aliens who travel into the U.S on a visa. Together with the standard information, this new program will confirm compliance with visa and immigration policies. 10. Eliminated INS bureaucratic redundancies and lack of accountability. 11. Split the Immigration and Naturalization Service into two agencies: one to protect the border and interior, the other to deal with naturalization. 12. Signed the workplace verification bill to prevent hiring of illegal aliens. 13. Established a six-month deadline for processing immigration applications. 14. Information regarding nearly 100% of all containerized cargo is carefully screened by DHS before it arrives in the United States. Higher risk shipments are physically inspected for terrorist weapons and contraband prior to being released from the port of entry. Advanced technologies are being deployed to identify warning signs of chemical, biological, or radiological attacks. Since September 11, 2001, hundreds of thousands of first responders across America have been trained to recognize and respond to the effects of a WMD attack. Judiciary & Tort Reform 1. Is urging federal liability reform to eliminate frivolous lawsuits. 2. Killed the liberal ABA's unconstitutional role in vetting federal judges. The Senate is supposed to advise and consent, not the ABA. 3. Is nominating strong, conservative judges to the judiciary. 4. Supports class action reform bill which limits lawyer fees so that more settlement money goes to victims. Politics 1. His leadership resulted in Republican gains in the House and Senate, solidifying Republican control of both houses of Congress and the presidency. 2. Signed an EO enforcing the Supreme Court's Beck decision regarding union dues being used for political campaigns against individual's wishes. Second Amendment 1. Ordered Attorney General Ashcroft to formally notify the Supreme Court that the OFFICIAL U.S. government position on the 2nd Amendment is that it supports INDIVIDUAL rights to own firearms, and is NOT a Leftist-imagined "collective" right. 2. Signed TWO bills into law that arm our pilots with handguns in the cockpit. 3. Currently pushing for full immunity from lawsuits for our national gun manufacturers. 4. *See Globalization & Internationalism. Traditional Values, Compassion & Volunteerism 1. Endorses and promotes "The Responsibility Era." President Bush often speaks of the necessity of personal responsibility and civic volunteerism. He said, "In a compassionate society, people respect one another and take responsibility for the decisions they make in life. My hope is to change the culture from one that has said, if it feels good, do it; if you've got a problem, blame somebody else — to one in which every single American understands that he or she is responsible for the decisions that you make; you're responsible for loving your children with all your heart and all your soul; you're responsible for being involved with the quality of the education of your children; you're responsible for making sure the community in which you live is safe; you're responsible for loving your neighbor, just like you would like to be loved yourself." 2. Started the USA Freedom Corps, the most comprehensive clearinghouse of volunteer opportunities ever offered. For the first time in history, Americans can enter geographic information about where they want to get involved, such as state or zip code, as well as areas of interest ranging from education to the environment, and they can access volunteer opportunities offered by more than 50,000 organizations across the country and around the world. 3. Established the The White House Office and the Centers for the Faith-Based and Community Initiative — located in seven Federal agencies. The faith-based initiative supports the essential work of these important organizations. The goal is to make sure that grassroots leaders can compete on an equal footing for federal dollars, receive greater private support, and face fewer bureaucratic barriers. Work focuses on at-risk youth, ex-offenders, the homeless and hungry, substance abusers, those with HIV/AIDS, and welfare-to-work families. 4. The White House released a guidebook fully describing the Administration's belief that faith-based groups have a Constitutionally-protected right to maintain their religious identity through hiring — even when Federal funds are involved. 5. Issued an EO implementing the Supreme Court's Olmstead ruling, which requires moving disabled people from institutions to community-based facilities when possible. 6. Increased funding for low-interest loan programs to help people with disabilities purchase devices to assist them. 7. Revised the Department of Housing and Urban Development's Section 8 rent subsidies to disabled people, permitting them to use up to a year's worth of vouchers to finance down payments on homes. HUD has started pilot programs in 11 states. 8. Committed US funds to purchase medicine for millions of men, women and children now suffering with AIDS in Africa. 9. Heeding the words of our own Declaration of Independence, the president laid out the non-negotiable demands of human dignity for all people everywhere. On January 29, 2002, he said, "No nation owns these aspirations, and no nation is exempt from them. We have no intention of imposing our culture. But America will always stand firm for the non-negotiable demands of human dignity." As stated by the President, they are a virtual manifesto of conservative principles: Equal Justice Freedom of Speech Limited Government Power Private Property Rights Religious Tolerance Respect for Women Rule of Law more

Resolved Question: Is this why the libs hate BUSH?

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Resolved Question: Huck Finn essay yay or nay? huck finn and racism?

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Resolved Question: Does the Edge of the Solar System Look Like? Ask Voyager.?

What Does the Edge of the Solar System Look Like? Ask Voyager. 11.05.03 Voyager is reaching the edge of the solar system. This is no Christopher Columbus false call, mind you. Eight billion miles from the Sun, Voyager's 26-year journey has made it the farthest-reaching spacecraft in the solar system and it is about to set a new record. All of the planets and objects within our solar system are surrounded by a sort-of bubble created by supersonic wind from the Sun. The spacecraft that first laid its robotic eyes on Jupiter and Saturn, is about to burst through that bubble, or may have already, according to some scientists. This still shows the locations of Voyager 1 & 2 Voyager 1 is traveling faster, reaching the termination shock sooner. The dramatic orange border to the left represents the bow shock, a theoretical area created as interstellar gas runs into the solar atmosphere. The location of the termination shock, or the boundary into the area where interstellar gas and solar wind start to mix, has been a mystery to scientists because it moves with regard to the power of the solar wind. Click on the image for movie. Also avail: color print-resolution & other movie formats or black & white high res. Credit: NASA "There has to be a sense of wonder in that this is the first manmade object that is touching interstellar space and this has never happened," said Dr. Tom Krimigis of the Applied Physics Laboratory (APL), Johns Hopkins University. "We're getting out of the protective cocoon of the Sun and this clearly marks a milestone in humanity's knowledge of our environment." It makes sense that the Voyager mission, consisting of two identical spacecraft launched in the heady robotic exploration era of the 1970s should be the farthest traveled manmade objects ever, nearly four billion miles from Pluto's orbit. Voyager 1 provided the first views of volcanoes outside of Earth on one of Jupiter's moon, Io, as well as close-ups of Saturn's rings and evidence of a ring around Jupiter in 1979. Voyager 2 provided the very first look at Uranus and Neptune in 1986 and 1989, respectively. Also significant, both are appointed planetary ambassadors - they each carry a 12-inch gold-plated copper disk containing sounds and images selected to portray the culture and diversity of Earth and meant to be played by an alien form of life that may encounter Voyager.0 Where's the Edge? Christopher Columbus had to sail the high seas to prove the world was round; how are scientists so certain a bubble blown by the solar wind surrounds us? Scientists call the murky region to the left of the Voyager trajectory in the image the heliosheath, because everything within it is influenced by the Sun ('helio' in Greek). What's out there at the boundaries of our solar system? Starting out at a view of our Milky Way galaxy, the orange gas in the animation represents the interstellar medium. The bow shock is created because the heliosphere is moving through like a boat through the water, crashing through the interstellar gases. The bow shock in front of the moving heliosphere is similar to the one observed by the Hubble Space Telescope. Click for animation. Credit: NASA The heliopause is the last boundary of that region where interstellar space, or matter from other stars, takes over as the ruler of the roost. Voyager isn't expected to reach the area for another 20 years. Entering the fluid region known as the heliosheath, past the theoretical boundary of the 'termination shock,' however, marks the first step toward that ultimate goal. The heliosheath represents a mixing bowl-region in which smaller amounts of solar wind mix with gas from outside our solar system. NASA Scientist Dr. Eric Christian imagines the theoretical boundary looks a lot like the water that bounces off a plate in the sink. It's not a defined straight (or round) line, but more fluid so the boundary moves a little bit. This movement has been a problem for researchers. It's very hard to know when Voyager has crossed the line - in fact, two science teams are lining up right now with different interpretations of unusual readings in their data stream from the spacecraft. Left: video of water running on a plate: the first border formed is like the termination shock and the water between the shock and the rim is the heliosheath. Water runs out toward the rim and then rushes back, similar to solar wind and indeed the reason scientists know the boundaries exist. Like the heliopause, once the water runs off the rim, it's out in the sink, or in this case, interstellar space. Credit: NASA/ESA. Right: solar wind raging into space as seen by the spacecraft SOHO after the solar storms of October 28. Credit: NASA/ESA. The European Space Agency has more on solar wind. And then there are the implications of this discovery. Voyager scientists are about to re-write a lot of textbooks and update a lot of theories. As Dr. Krimigis said, "the models that predict what the Sun and Voyager do are very crude." Uncharted Territory Both Dr. Frank McDonald of the University of Maryland and Dr. Krimigis have spent the better part of their careers tracking the fascinating adventure that has been the Voyager mission. And they represent the two opposing sides to this new controversy. In August 2002, Voyager scientists saw data that they had never seen before. Namely a large amount of low-energy particles flowing away from the Sun. The APL group interpreted this as the energy from the Sun reaching a dead end in this particular area. "All models and theories have been telling us that's where the edge of the solar system begins to feel the pressure from the interstellar space," said Dr. Krimigis. "When you're sitting on the beach, depending on the wind, the waves can become very strong and blow over you, and at other times you're perfectly dry. Solar wind blows hot and cold - when hot, it [washes over Voyager] and when it's cold it retreats." The Voyager 1 and 2 spacecraft are identical with different flight paths. Voyager 2 was actually launched first, on August 20, 1977; Voyager 1 was launched September 5. Both are about 8 billion miles from the Sun, but Voyager 1 is traveling at a speed of 3.6 AU per year while Voyager 2 is speeding along at about 3.3 AU per year. One 'AU' equals the distance between the Sun and Earth, or 93 million miles. Credit: NASA This strange data appeared from August through February, convincing the APL team that for six months Voyager had entered into the heliosheath. In February, it was as if the heliosheath retreated like water moving back toward the ocean at the beach, and Voyager was back within the solar wind. Meanwhile Dr. McDonald's team analyzed data from their instruments and concluded that they had merely rubbed against the boundary of the termination shock, but had not entered it. While both groups are uncertain what happened for those six months, they are both convinced that Voyager is currently back within the bubble of the solar wind, and will be crossing that termination shock either again in the next year, or for the first time. "We say we're just in the suburbs approaching the termination shock. They would say we're downtown, we're there," said Dr. McDonald. A Great Educated Guess Scientists are basing their theories on examples of this termination shock phenomenon they have seen before. The Hubble Space Telescope snapped a picture of a bow shock created as the wind from a star more powerful than that of our Sun's collided with a young star in the nearby Orion Nebula. As the fast stellar wind ran into slow moving gas, a shock front was formed, like the wave created when a boat moves through water. The Hubble Space Telescope imaged this view in February 1995. The arcing, graceful structure is actually a bow shock about half a light-year across, created from the wind from the star L.L. Orionis colliding with the Orion Nebula flow. For more information on this image, see HubbleSite. Click on the image for a very large version. Credit: NASA, The Hubble Heritage Team (STScI/AURA) Unfortunately, the instrument on Voyager 1 that measures solar wind has stopped working. A few of the remaining instruments have tried to pick up the slack, but that makes for a bit more guesswork and legwork on the part of scientists to prove their case. The excitement resulting from the controversy is inspiring the science community and the many people who continue to be fascinated by Voyager's journey. It also provides a great example of the uncertainty scientists deal with on a daily basis as they create theories, and then modify them again and again. In the meantime, as Dr. McDonald put it, "We keep making new discoveries, going places no one has ever been before." And isn't that the point of exploration? More Voyager Resources JPL Voyager Home Page Voyager's Golden Record / Flash Feature The History & Science of Voyager Voyager Press Release & Images Rachel A. Weintraub NASA Goddard Space Flight Center + Back to Top + Freedom of Information Act + Budgets, Strategic Plans and Accountability Reports + The President's Management Agenda + NASA Privacy Statement, Disclaimer, and Accessibility Certification + Inspector General Hotline + Equal Employment Opportunity Data Posted Pursuant to the No Fear Act + Information-Dissemination Priorities and Inventories Editor: Rachel Weintraub NASA Official: Brian Dunbar Last Updated: February 25, 2006 + Contact NASA + SiteMap Voyager is reaching the edge of the solar system. This is no Christopher Columbus false call, mind you. Eight billion miles from the Sun, Voyager's 26-year journey has made it the farthest-reaching spacecraft in the solar system and it is about to set a new record. All of the planets and objects within our solar system are surrounded by a sort-of bubble created by supersonic wind from the Sun. The spacecraft that first laid its robotic eyes on Jupiter and Saturn, is about to burst through that bubble, or may have already, according to some scientists. This still shows the locations of Voyager 1 & 2 Voyager 1 is traveling faster, reaching the termination shock sooner. The dramatic orange border to the left represents the bow shock, a theoretical area created as interstellar gas runs into the solar atmosphere. The location of the termination shock, or the boundary into the area where interstellar gas and solar wind start to mix, has been a mystery to scientists because more

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